Orpiment – arsenic trisulfide, an ore of arsenic.Mosaic gold – stannic sulfide, formed by heating a mixture of tin filings, sulfur, and sal-ammoniac.Mercurius praecipitatus – red mercuric oxide.Naples yellow/ Cassel yellow – oxychloride of lead, formed by heating litharge with sal ammoniac.Minium/ Red Lead – trilead tetroxide, Pb 3O 4 formed by roasting litharge in air.Litharge – lead monoxide, formed by fusing and powdering massicot.
In moist air it turns into green vitriol, FeSO 4.
Lime/ Quicklime (Burnt Lime)/ Calx Viva/ Unslaked Lime – calcium oxide, formed by calcining limestone. Lead fume – lead oxide, found in flues at lead smelters. Lapis solaris ( Bologna stone) – barium sulfide – 1603, Vincenzo Cascariolo. King's yellow – formed by mixing orpiment with white arsenic. Luna cornea – silver chloride, formed by heating horn silver till it liquefies and then cooling. Horn Silver/ Argentum Cornu – a weathered form of chlorargyrite, an ore of silver chloride. A yellow pigment for glass and porcelain. Glass of antimony – impure antimony tetroxide, SbO 4 formed by roasting stibnite. – an unstable gold carbonate formed by precipitation by potash from gold dissolved in aqua regia. – gold hydrazide, formed by adding ammonia to the auric hydroxide. Fulminating gold – a number of gold based explosives which "fulminate", or detonate easily. Fulminating silver – principally, silver nitride, formed by dissolving silver(I) oxide in ammonia. Fool's gold – a mineral, iron disulfide or pyrite can form oil of vitriol on contact with water and air. Flowers of antimony – antimony trioxide, formed by roasting stibnite at high temperature and condensing the white fumes that form. Dutch White – a pigment, formed from one part of white lead to three of barium sulfate. Cinnabar/ Vermilion – refers to several substances, among them: mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion (the common ore of mercury). Chrome yellow/ Paris Yellow/ Leipzig Yellow – lead chromate, PbCrO 4. Chrome red – basic lead chromate – PbCrO 4+PbO. Chrome orange – chrome yellow and chrome red. Chrome green – chromic oxide and cobalt oxide. Chalk – a rock composed of porous biogenic calcium carbonate. Calx – calcium oxide was also used to refer to other metal oxides. The crust formed on the lid was ground to powder and boiled with water to remove the calomel. Calomel/ Horn Quicksilver/ horn mercury – mercury(I) chloride, a very poisonous purgative formed by subliming a mixture of mercuric chloride and metallic mercury, triturated in a mortar and heated in an iron pot. Cadmia/Tuttia/ Tutty – probably zinc carbonate. 
Borax – sodium borate was also used to refer to other related minerals.Bluestone – mineral form of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, also called blue vitriol.Tin/ Stannum – associated with Jupiter.Silver/ Argentum – associated with the Moon.Quicksilver/ Hydrargyrum – associated with Mercury.Lead/ Plumbum – associated with Saturn.Gold/ Aurum – associated with the Sun.Copper/ Cuprum – associated with Venus.
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